Use the `requests` library for downloading files as it provides more control over requests and responses, including error handling and session management.
Always check the `status_code` of the response object to ensure the HTTP request was successful before proceeding with file operations.
When downloading large files, use the `stream=True` parameter in `requests.get()` to download the content in chunks, preventing large memory usage.
Consider using the `tqdm` library to add a progress bar when downloading files, which improves the user experience by providing visual feedback on the download progress.
import requests # Import requests library # Download file using requests url = "https://sandbox.oxylabs.io/products/sample.pdf" response = requests.get(url) with open("sample.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) import urllib.request # Import urllib library for another method # Download file using urllib urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, "sample_urllib.pdf") try: from tqdm import tqdm # Import tqdm for progress bar (optional) # Download with progress bar response = requests.get(url, stream=True) total_size_in_bytes= int(response.headers.get('content-length', 0)) block_size = 1024 # 1 Kibibyte progress_bar = tqdm(total=total_size_in_bytes, unit='iB', unit_scale=True) with open("sample_with_progress.pdf", "wb") as file: for data in response.iter_content(block_size): progress_bar.update(len(data)) file.write(data) progress_bar.close() except ImportError: print("tqdm library is not installed. Install it to see the progress bar.")
Ensure you handle exceptions such as `ConnectionError` or `Timeout` when using `requests.get()` to maintain robustness in network-related failures.
Validate the 'content-length' header before downloading to ensure the file size is as expected and to prevent incomplete downloads.
Set a timeout in `requests.get()` to avoid hanging indefinitely if the server does not respond or is too slow.
Use `os.path` to dynamically set the file path and name, ensuring compatibility across different operating systems.
# Good Example: Handling exceptions with requests.get() try: response = requests.get(url, timeout=10) # Set timeout response.raise_for_status() # Check for HTTP errors except requests.exceptions.RequestException as e: print(f"Error downloading file: {e}") # Bad Example: No exception handling or timeout response = requests.get(url) with open("sample.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) # Good Example: Validate 'content-length' before downloading response = requests.get(url, stream=True) content_length = response.headers.get('content-length') if content_length and len(response.content) == int(content_length): with open("validated_file.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) else: print("Content length mismatch.") # Bad Example: Ignoring 'content-length' validation response = requests.get(url) with open("unvalidated_file.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) # Good Example: Using os.path for file paths import os filename = os.path.join(os.getcwd(), "downloaded_file.pdf") response = requests.get(url) with open(filename, "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) # Bad Example: Hardcoding file paths response = requests.get(url) with open("/absolute/path/downloaded_file.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) # Good Example: Setting a timeout in requests.get() try: response = requests.get(url, timeout=5) # Timeout after 5 seconds with open("timed_file.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content) except requests.Timeout: print("The request timed out.") # Bad Example: No timeout set response = requests.get(url) with open("no_timeout_file.pdf", "wb") as file: file.write(response.content)
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